Lesson 7: Input/Output & Hardware Integration – Sensors, Motors, and LEDs

Lesson 7: Input/Output and Hardware Integration – Circuits and Coding 101


📌 Introduction

Welcome back to Lesson 7 of Circuits and Coding 101! Today, we’re diving into input/output (I/O) and hardware integration.


We’ll explore how to connect and control various components using your microcontroller.


🎯 What You’ll Learn Today

  • Digital and Analog I/O – Working with LEDs, buttons, and sensors
  • PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) – Advanced output control
  • Hardware Integration – Controlling motors and using transistors
  • Hands-on exercises – RGB LEDs, potentiometers, and motors


🔌 Digital Input/Output

What is Digital I/O?

Digital I/O interacts with components like LEDs, buttons, and switches using simple HIGH (1) and LOW (0) signals.


📌 Key Functions:


💡 Hands-On Exercise 1: Controlling an RGB LED

🔧 Steps for Breadboard Setup

Circuit Diagram